Warum verhalten sich manche Katzen ihren Artgenossen gegenüber freundlich, während andere ganze Kuschelknäule mit mehreren Miezen bilden?
Katzen sind schon ganz besondere Tiere. Sie geben uns auch nach Jahren des Zusammenlebens immer wieder Rätsel auf – und das, obwohl wir Menschen schon viele Jahrhunderte mit Katzen verbracht haben. Eine Frage, die selbst viele Katzenhalter oft nur schwer beantworten können, ist:
Sind Katzen Einzelgänger oder leben sie lieber in Gesellschaft?
Und: Wieso verhalten sich Katzen so unterschiedlich? Und was entscheidet letztendlich darüber, ob eine Katze den Kontakt zu anderen Katzen sucht oder nicht?
Diesen Fragen möchte ich heute auf den Grund gehen, damit du in Zukunft besser verstehen kannst, warum dein Stubentiger so und nicht anders tickt.
1. Zurück zu den Wurzeln
Um zu verstehen, wie deine Katze so wurde, wie sie jetzt ist, müssen wir einen kleinen Ausflug in die ersten Lebenswochen und -monate machen.
Gehen wir zurück an den Anfang des Katzenlebens: Deine kleine Mieze wird geboren und verbringt die ersten Tage und Wochen im Schutz des Nestes ganz nah bei seiner Mutter und den Geschwisterchen.
Nach und nach öffnen sich die Augen und das Gehör wird fertiggestellt. Die Kleine beginnt dann die Welt zu erkunden und ihre ersten Erfahrungen zu machen.
Über die Entwicklung eines neugeborenen Kätzchens schreibe ich in Zukunft einen eigenen Beitrag. Du findest dort mehr Informationen über die ersten Lebenswochen und was es zu beachten gibt, wenn du selbst einen Wurf Katzenwelpen aufziehen möchtest.
Genau hier, während der Wochen und Monate nach der Geburt, wird der Grundstein für die spätere Persönlichkeit der Katze gelegt – also auch die Einstellung ihren Artgenossen gegenüber.
Hinweis: Die Frage, wie weit Charaktereigenschaften angeboren sind bzw. inwiefern sie erlernt werden ist wissenschaftlich noch nicht abschließend geklärt. Als gesichert gilt jedoch, dass ein Teil der Persönlichkeit durch (Früh-)Kindliche Erfahrungen entsteht. Auf diesen Teil nehme ich nun Bezug.
In der vierten Lebenswoche fängt dein Kätzchen an, mit seinen Geschwistern zu spielen. Nun beginnt offiziell die Phase der Sozialisierung. Gemeinsam lernen die Kleinen nun wichtige Verhaltensweisen wie Lauern, Verfolgen und Kämpfen.
Später traut sich dein Kätzchen sogar, das Nest zu verlassen – die große Welt wartet auf sie! Nun begegnet sie zum ersten Mal anderen Katzen – vielleicht gibt es ältere Geschwister im gleichen Haushalt oder sogar eine große Katzengemeinschaft z.B. auf einem Bauernhof.
Gegen Ende des 3. Lebensmonats geschehen die wichtigsten Eindrücke: Dein Kätzchen ist tagtäglich damit beschäftigt, Neues zu erkunden und vor allem – zu lernen.
Es sucht ständig das Abenteuer, probiert alles aus und testet Grenzen aus. Ob diese Erfahrungen gut oder schlecht sind, hängt maßgeblich vom Umfeld unseres Kätzchens ab.
2. Einzelgänger oder Gruppenschmuser?
Deine kleine Katze nähert sich vorsichtig einer älteren Mieze, die sich gerade die Pfote leckt. In einiger Distanz bleibt sie stehen und beobachtet die Große. Was nun?
Deine Kleine wird jetzt genau erkunden, wie sich „die Erwachsenen“ verhalten. Sind sie freundlich? Oder ablehnend?
a) freundliche Reaktionen
Wenn die Katzen im Umfeld auf solche Annäherungsversuche meistens freundlich reagieren, wird auch dein Kleines aufgeschlossen und sozial werden.
b) ablehnende Reaktionen
Anders bei Ablehnung: Wenn deine Kleine immer wieder die Erfahrung macht, dass andere Katzen in Ruhe gelassen werden wollen und sie Abstand halten muss, um sich ein Fauchen zu ersparen, wird auch sie im späteren Leben wahrscheinlich zum Einzelgänger werden.
Achtung!
Wächst unser Kätzchen gänzlich ohne andere Katzen (abgesehen von Mutter und Geschwistern) auf, wird es Artgenossen stets misstrauisch gegenüberstehen und lieber allein bleiben.
3. Innere Werte
Was macht eine soziale Katze aus? Und wie verhält sich ein Einzelgänger?
Die soziale Katze
Eine soziale Katze sucht die Nähe ihrer Artgenossen. Sie spielt gern mit anderen Katzen und zeigt ihre Zuneigung durch gegenseitige Fellpflege. Auch schläft sie gern eng angekuschelt an ihre Freunde, ebenso wie gemeinsames Fressen und der gemeinschaftliche Gang zum Katzenklo eindeutige Zeichen für eine soziale Katze sind.
Der Einzelgänger
Anders beim Einzelgänger: Er legt Wert auf seine Privatsphäre – andere Katzen sollen Abstand halten. Kontakt sucht er lediglich während der Paarungszeit, ansonsten wird er Mitbewohner ignorieren oder sie sogar als Rivalen betrachten. Streitereien am Futter mit Fauchen und anderen deutlichen Reaktionen sind beim ihm vorprogrammiert.
4. Bauernhofkatze = soziale Katze?
Man könnte meinen, dass eine Katze vom Bauernhof selbstredend eine soziale Katze ist. Nachdem du nun aber weißt, wie sich die Einstellung deiner Katze zu ihren Artgenossen entwickelt, siehst du, dass das nicht zwangsläufig der Fall sein muss.
Zwar stimmt es, dass auf einem Bauernhof oft viele Katzen in einer Gemeinschaft zusammenleben, jedoch ist diese nicht unbedingt ein Kriterium dafür, dass die Katzen ihre Artgenossen lieben.
Man unterscheidet u.A. auf Bauernhöfen mit vielen Katzen zwei Arten von Gemeinschaften, die sich auf den ersten Blick zum Verwechseln ähnlich sind:
Die Sozialgemeinschaft
Auf der einen Seite gibt es die Sozialgemeinschaft. Wie der Name schon sagt, sind diese Katzen soziale Tiere: Sie verbringen gern und freiwillig Zeit miteinander und sind oft gemeinsam beim Fressen oder Ruhen zu beobachten. Ein eindeutiges Indiz für diese Art des Zusammenlebens: Die Katzen sind sich körperlich nah – sie kuscheln, putzen sich gegenseitig und sitzen am Napf nah beieinander.
Die Nutzungsgemeinschaft
Andererseits bestehen auf einem Bauernhof oftmals sogenannte Nutzungsgemeinschaften. Wie du bereits am Namen erkennen kannst, steht hier die gemeinschaftliche Nutzung von Nahrung und Unterkunft im Vordergrund. Die einzelnen Katzen halten lieber Abstand und setzen ihre Privatsphäre mit verschiedenen Mitteln durch. Streitereien sind keine Seltenheit und die einzelne Katze bleibt außerhalb der Fortpflanzungszeiten lieber für sich.
Kurz gesagt: Man trifft sich, weil hier nunmal der Napf steht und der Strohballen dort einfach der gemütlichste Schlafplatz weit und breit ist. Abgesehen davon lässt man sich in Ruhe, sonst gibts Ärger. Punkt.
5. Wie erkennst du den Persönlichkeitstyp deiner Katze?
6. Wie mache ich meinen Typ Katze glücklich?
Je nachdem, ob deine Katze eher die Gesellschaft oder das Alleinsein bevorzugt, unterscheiden sich ihre Bedürfnisse.
Soziale Katzen – gemeinsam statt einsam!
Ist deine Katze ein soziales Tier, solltest du darauf achten, ihr Bedürfnis nach „kätzischer“ Nähe zu erfüllen. Dies könnte beispielsweise sein, dass du ihr als Freigänger in deinem Garten einen Kuschelplatz für zwei einrichtest. Auch als Wohnungskatze freut sie sich über eine Liegefläche, die sie mit ihren Mitbewohnern teilen kann.
Die Futterstelle sollte groß genug sein, um gemeinsam fressen zu können. Möglicherweise kaufst du auch lieber einen Napf für Hunde, damit beide aus einem Futternapf fressen können.
Das Katzenklo kann ebenso ruhig etwas größer sein. Wenn du beobachtest, dass deine Katzen gemeinsam das stille Örtchen aufsuchen, achte darauf, nach einer „Session“ am besten zeitnah sauber zu machen.
Um das gemeinsame Spielen zu fördern, kannst du Fummelbretter “für zwei” nutzen oder andere Spielzeuge, mit denen zu zweit (oder zu dritt, zu viert …) gespielt werden kann.
Einzelgänger – Weniger zu Herzen, öfter zum Teufel
Wenn deine Katze ein Einzelgänger ist, liegt der Schwerpunkt eher auf den Rückszugsmöglichkeiten. Wenn du einen Freigänger hast, sollte er stets die Möglichkeit haben, „sein“ Versteck zu erreichen. Als Wohnungskatze ist der Einzelgänger auch allein glücklich, sollten dennoch Mitbewohner vorhanden sein, ist es wichtig, jedem Tier „seinen“ Platz zu geben.
Statt einer großen Liegefläche schätzt er eher viele kleine, die Platz für eine Katze und nicht mehr bieten.
Die Futternäpfe sollten wenn möglich getrennt sein, sodass dein Einzelgänger in Ruhe allein fressen kann. Auch sollte er sich beim Fressen so setzen können, dass er den Rest des Zimmers gut im Blick hat, zum Beispiel in einer Ecke oder leicht erhöht.
Insbesondere bei Einzelgängern solltest du die Faustregel
Anzahl Katzenklos = Anzahl Katzen +1
beachten, damit jeder ungestört sein Geschäft erledigen kann. Sonst kann es leicht passieren, dass er sich einen anderen Ort dafür aussucht, deinen Teppich zum Beispiel, oder dein Bett …
Beim Spielen empfehle ich dir eher Spielzeug für eine Katze, so platziert, dass deine Katze stets den Überblick behält und nicht von einem gutgemeinten Angriff von hinten überrascht werden kann. Darüber wäre der Einzelgänger nämlich gar nicht begeistert …
7. Zusammenfassung
Schön, dass du bis hierher gelesen hast. Die wichtigsten Punkte fasse ich nun nochmal für dich zusammen:
- In der Kindheit (10.-12. Lebenswoche) entscheidet sich, wie deine Katze später mit Artgenossen umgeht.
-
Positive Erfahrungen mit anderen Katzen fördern einen sozialen Charakter, negative machen eher Einzelgänger aus den Jungen.
-
Beobachte deine Katze genau, wenn du den Typ bestimmen möchtest.
-
Soziale Katzen suchen die Gesellschaft anderer, schlafen und fressen gemeinsam und schätzen körperliche Nähe.
-
Einzelgänger wollen lieber allein sein, begegnen Artgenossen mit Skepsis und legen viel Wert auf ihre Privatsphäre.
-
Eine Katze von Bauernhof ist nicht selbstverständlich eine soziale Katze. Neben den Sozialgemeinschaften bestehen hier oft Nutzungsgemeinschaften, die sich zwar Nahrung und Unterkunft teilen, sich jedoch ansonsten eher meiden.
-
Achte auf die unterschiedlichen Bedürfnisse der beiden Typen.
-
Soziale Katzen brauchen die Möglichkeit kätzischer Kontakte, ob mit der Nachbarskatze oder mit Mitbewohnern – sie wollen gern in Gesellschaft sein.
-
Einzelgänger brauchen ihre Rückzugsorte, an denen sie ungestört fressen, ihr Geschäft verrichten und schlafen können.
Die Antwort auf die Frage, ob Katzen Einzelgänger oder Gesellschaftstiere sind, lautet also:
“Sowohl als auch. Es gibt beide Typen und jeder für sich hat seine Eigenheiten.”
Wenn du noch mehr über Katzen lernen möchtest, schau doch mal bei meinen anderen Artikeln vorbei.
Falls du dich dafür interessierst, wie unterschiedlich sich Katzen im Umgang mit Menschen verhalten können und welche Charaktertypen es hier gibt, empfehle ich dir meinen Beitrag speziell zu diesem Thema, den du hier findest.
Danke für dein Interesse an der Psychologie der Katze. Weiterbilden heißt besser verstehen – deine Katze wird es dir danken.
Machs gut!
Deine Martha
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